Recent research from Stanford Medicine highlights the critical role of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in the development of cancer. These circular DNA structures, which carry cancer-associated oncogenes and immune-modulatory genes, have been found in precancerous cells and are believed to accelerate the transition to cancerous states. Previous assumptions posited that ecDNA appeared only in advanced tumors, but this study demonstrates their presence in early stages, suggesting their significant impact on tumor evolution.
Notably, individuals with ecDNA in their precancerous cells are 20 to 30 times more likely to develop cancer. The study focused on patients with Barrett’s esophagus, showing a marked increase in ecDNA prevalence as cancer progressed. Researchers emphasize that detecting these DNA circles could facilitate early diagnosis and potential intervention strategies.
The findings challenge longstanding genetic theories, indicating that ecDNA can disrupt conventional views of cancer evolution. The research team is now planning further investigations into the formation, functional roles, and potential therapeutic targets linked to ecDNA. Overall, this study underscores the importance of ecDNA in early cancer development and its promise for future diagnostic and treatment avenues.
