A new study from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory reveals that supernovae can pose significant threats to nearby planets through intense X-ray radiation, which can damage atmospheres up to 160 light-years away. This radiation occurs when a supernova’s blast wave interacts with dense surrounding gas, producing a burst of X-rays that can persist for months or even decades after the explosion. While Earth is currently safe from such threats, having no supernova progenitors within this distance, it may have been exposed to similar X-ray radiation in the past, potentially affecting its atmosphere and contributing to mass extinction events.
The research highlights that exposing an Earth-like planet to these X-rays could drastically alter atmospheric chemistry, particularly diminishing ozone levels that protect life from harmful ultraviolet radiation. If sustained, this high-energy radiation would likely harm a wide range of organisms, especially marine life foundational to the food web. With no immediate danger present, the study suggests that supernovae have historically influenced Earth’s biosphere and may reduce the Galactic Habitable Zone, the region conducive for life. Further observations are encouraged to understand how supernovae affect planetary conditions post-explosion, with implications for astrobiology and planetary sciences.
