An interdisciplinary research project led by primatologist Gisela Kopp has sequenced the mitochondrial genome of a mummified baboon, revealing its connections to modern baboons in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and eastern Sudan, dating back to 800-540 BCE in ancient Egypt. This finding implies that the importation of baboons as votive offerings, revered as representations of the god Thoth, occurred earlier than previously established archaeological evidence suggested. Baboons that were mummified likely originated from distant regions, notably the Horn of Africa, with specific genetic analysis pinpointing their origins to a coastal area in Eritrea, near the ancient trading port of Adulis. This area was denoted in ancient texts as a hub for luxury goods and exotic animals, providing context for the archaeological finds. The study connects historical references to Punt, a sought-after trade region noted for its premium imports, to Adulis, suggesting they may refer to the same location across different time periods. This research not only advances our understanding of ancient Egyptian practices but also marks a breakthrough in genetic studies of ancient non-human primates, offering insights into human-animal interactions and the role of exotic animals in cultural practices of the time.
